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=='''About'''==

Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics has been established in April 2012 based on the research group headed by [[Pavel_Belan| Dr. P. Belan]] at the [[Department of General Physiology of Nervous System | Department of General Physiology of the Nervous System]]. Regulation of intracellular cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration and Ca2+ signalling in different types of excitable cells as well as modulation of synaptic transmission in norm and pathology are the main subject of our research during recent years. Acutely isolated and primary cultured neurons as well as slices and ex vivo intact spinal cord preparation have been used in the experiments. Mainly, optical (digital imaging and confocal microscopy), conventional electrophysiological (microelectrodes, iontophoresis, patch clamp), genetic (transfection, infection, site-specific mutagenesis) and mathematical (simulation, statistics) methods and approaches have been employed in our studies.

=='''Research'''==
==='''Signalling of neuronal Ca2+ sensor proteins'''===
===='''Decoding glutamate receptor activation by the Ca2+ sensor proteins'''====

We study biophysical and physiological mechanisms of NCS (Neuronal Calcium Sensor) protein signaling in hippocampal neurons. Decoding of complex spatio-temporal patterns of [Ca2+]i changes by a Ca2+ sensor proteins, hippocalcin and neurocalcin δ, and involvement of Ca2+-dependent protein translocation in neuronal signal transduction is in a center of these studies. The most important achievement in this line of research is clear understanding that hippocalcin and neurocalcin δ may differentially decode various spatiotemporal patterns of glutamate receptor activation into site- and time-specific translocation to their membranous targets. Hippocalcin also possesses an ability to produce local signalling at the single synaptic level providing a molecular mechanism for homosynaptic plasticity (Dovgan et al., 2010). Examples of spontaneous hippocalcin-YFP translocation to a set of spines correlated with bursts of postsynaptic currents are shown in the Figure 1.

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!width=400|[[File:LMB1.jpg]]
!width=400|Figure 1. ''Strong activation of synaptic NMDARs induced hippocalcin-YFP translocation to dendritic spines. (A) An overlay of morphological (white) and hippocalcin-YFP translocation (red) images of neuron during a spontaneous burst of synaptic NMDAR-dependent currents at the time indicated as d in Ba. All synapses that were active during the burst appear in red. Panels b–e demonstrate overlays of morphological (white) and translocation images taken at the times indicated by respective letters in italic in Ba. Colour arrows indicate spines for which time courses of hippocalcin-YFP translocation are demonstrated in Ba.NMDAR-dependent currents were simultaneously recorded in whole-cell voltage clamp mode (holding potential )70 mV) and shown in Ba (black trace). (Bb) Values of hippocalcin-YFP translocation to spines compared with those in a dendritic tree at 1 lm from the respective spines.''
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==='''Analysis of the mechanisms underlying GABAergic synaptic transmission'''===
===='''Short-term plasticity of GABAergic synaptic transmission in the hippocampus'''====

This part of our research is devoted to studies of different synaptic mechanisms contributing to GABAergic synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Mechanisms of short-term depression and non-phasic vesicular release are in focus of our current research (Stepanyuk et al., 2014b)(Borisyuk et al., 2014). We have recently found a new type of short-term plasticity in cultured hippocampal neurons manifested as activity-dependent potentiation of an asynchronous component of GABAergic synaptic currents, аIPSCs (Fig. 2) (Borisyuk et al., 2014).

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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!width=400|[[File:LMB2.jpg]]
!width=400|Figure 2. ''Potentiation of an asynchronous component of inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC).A) Slowdown of the decay kinetics and potentiation of the asynchronous component of evoked IPSC (eIPSC).Dual patch clamp recordings were performed in a pair of synapticallyconnected cultured hippocampal neurons. 1) eIPSC in the control, 2) eIPSC developing after stimulation of the presynaptic cell (20 stimuli at 45 sec–1); 3-5) successive recordings of eIPSCs at different times after cessation of stimulation (time intervals in sec are shown at the right above). B and C) Time-dependence of eIPSC decay (B,msec) and amplitude (C, pA)''.
|}

Simultaneously with potentiation of аIPSC, we observed plateau-like inward currents in the presynaptic neuron. The charge transferred by this current correlated significantly with the decay time of evoked IPSC in the postsynaptic neuron (mean correlation coefficient 0.83±0.10) suggesting that the inward current mediates аIPSC potentiation. We hypothesize that the observed plasticity may endogenously regulate the efficacy of GABAergic synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. In the ongoing research we are studying pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms involved in this new type of inhibitory synaptic plasticity.

===='''Maximum likelihood estimation of biophysical parameters of synaptic receptors from macroscopic currents'''====

Dendritic integration and neuronal firing patterns strongly depend on biophysical properties of synaptic ligand-gated channels. However, precise estimation of biophysical parameters of these channels in their intrinsic environment is complicated and still unresolved problem. We have recently described novel methods based on a maximum likelihood approach that allows to estimate not only the unitary current of synaptic receptor channels but also their multiple conductance levels, kinetic constants, the number of receptors bound with a neurotransmitter, and the peak open probability from experimentally feasible number of postsynaptic currents (Stepanyuk et al., 2011)(Stepanyuk et al., 2014a). The new method also improves the accuracy of evaluation of unitary current as compared to the peak-scaled non-stationary fluctuation analysis, leading to a possibility to precisely estimate this important parameter from a few postsynaptic currents recorded in steady-state conditions. Estimation of unitary current with this method is robust even if postsynaptic currents are generated by receptors having different kinetic parameters, the case when peak-scaled non-stationary fluctuation analysis is not applicable. Thus, with the new method, routinely recorded postsynaptic currents could be used to study the properties of synaptic receptors in their native biochemical environment.

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!width=400|[[File:LMB3.jpg]]
!width=400|Figure 3. Schematic description of research.
Synaptic receptors embedded in the postsynaptic density (PSD) (A) are not accessible for single channel patch clamp recordings (C). At the same time macroscopic currents elicited in response to presynaptic stimulation of the channels are a sum of single-channel currents (C) and can be easily recorded in a whole-configuration. The new suggested methods use all information included in the statistical properties of macroscopic current fluctuations (C) and given appropriately recorded and filtered currents they can reliably estimate kinetic rates of realistically complex models (B) with accuracy of the single-channel analysis. They can also estimate unitary current (A) and the number of liganded and unliganded receptors in the PSD (A). The new methodology that will be developed in the framework of the project will also allow evaluating the size and topology of synaptic channel model (B) together with the biophysical parameters mentioned above.
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Further elaboration of this approach that we are doing now will lead to development of user-friendly software that may be widely used to quantitatively study interaction of synaptic channels with pharmacological agents and modulation of channel functioning in normal and pathological conditions.

==='''Peripheral and central mechanisms of neuropathic pain'''===
===='''Role of T-type Ca2+ channels in central processes of nociceptive neurons in maintenance of diabetic neuropathy'''====

Role of T-type Ca2+ channels in central processes of nociceptive neurons in maintenance of diabetic neuropathy
Peripheral diabetic neuropathy (PDN), occurring in about 60% - 70% of diabetic patients, is among the most severe consequences of diabetes. Chronic pain characterized by spontaneous deep aching or burning pain, as well as by mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia is one of the most disturbing symptoms of PDN. However, the specific cellular mechanisms responsible for development and maintenance of peripheral diabetic neuropathy are mainly unknown. We have recently found that different types of nociceptive DRG neurons demonstrate diabetes-induced upregulation of CaV3.2 subtype of T-type Ca2+ channels during different stages of diabetes development (Khomula et al., 2013)(Khomula et al., 2014)(Duzhyy et al., 2015). The upregulation of T-type channels resulted in the increased neuronal excitability of nociceptive neurons revealed by a lower threshold for action potential initiation, prominent afterdepolarizing potentials and burst firing. The upregulation T-type channels and increased excitability of neurons may contribute to thermal hyperalgesia in early diabetes and nonthermal nociception (e.g. mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia and spontaneous pain) at its later-stage. We hypothesize that T-type Ca2+ channels are functionally expressed in central nociceptive processes and that upregulation of these channels under diabetic conditions amplifies peripheral action potentials in these neurons to busting discharges leading to changes in nociceptive output of lamina I projection neurons of the spinal cord and maintenance of painful diabetic neuropathy. Since direct electrophysiological measurements of T-type channel functioning in central axons of nociceptive DRG neurons are not methodologically feasible we are testing this hypothesis by an innovative combination of state-of-the-art approaches that include a novel whole spinal cord preparation that preserves the complex organization of dorsal roots in the spinal cord, Ca2+ imaging in identified central axons of specific types of primary nociceptive neurons using genetic Ca2+ indicators and profound computer modelling.

===='''Peripheral and central mechanisms underlying inflammatory chronic pain'''====

Previous research has resulted in general understanding of importance of Ca2+-dependent glutamate receptor (AMPA receptor subtype) trafficking in the dorsal horn of spinal cord as one of the possible mechanisms of inflammatory chronic pain (Kopach and Voitenko, 2013). It is summarized in Figure 4.

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!width=400|[[File:LMB4.jpg]]
!width=400|Figure 4. AMPAR-mediated central sensitization in the DH. Tissue or nerve injury promotes an insertion of GluR1-containing, Ca2+-permeable AMPARs at the extrasynaptic sites followed by their increase in the synapses of the DH neurons with simultaneous internalization of GluR2-containing, Ca2+-impermeable AMPARs from the same synapses. Both of these processes lead to an increased Ca2+ influx into DH neurons, modulate neuronal signaling and finally result in spinal central sensitization and pain. Protein kinases (PKA and PKC) promote membrane insertion and internalization of AMPARs by phosphorylation of GluR1 and GluR2 receptor subunits.
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Continuing this research we have recently found that complete Freund adjuvant (CFA)-induced peripheral inflammation, a well-known model of chronic inflammatory pain, prominently augments excitatory neurotransmission in rat dorsal horn lamina II neurons exhibiting adapting firing patterns (Kopach et al., 2015) and apparently representing excitatory glutamatergic interneurons. At the same time this peripheral inflammation decreases excitatory drive to the tonic firing lamina II neurons most of which are inhibitory. The inhibitory drive is also increased to the inhibitory neurons and decreased to the excitatory ones as a result of the inflammation (Kopach et al., 2015). Thus, the balance between excitation and inhibition in the lamina II of dorsal horn is strongly shifted toward the excitation (Kopach et al., 2015). The lamina II interneurons directly synapse onto lamina I projection neurons (PNs), the main output of painful signaling in the spinal cord. Thus, these inflammatory-induced, neuron-type specific changes in synaptic activity in lamina II neurons most probably results in an increase of the excitatory drive and a decrease of the inhibitory drive to lamina I PNs. In its turn it may increase PN excitability, hence contributing to maintenance of the inflammatory pain. In this research we aim to test this hypothesis and to study what cellular and molecular mechanisms underlie increased excitability of PNs under inflammatory conditions. 

==='''References'''===
* Borisyuk A, Stepanyuk A, Belan P (2014) Activity-Dependent Potentiation of an Asynchronous Component of GABA-ergic Synaptic Currents in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons. [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11062-014-9400-2 Neurophysiology 46:10–15] [Accessed April 25, 2014].
* Dovgan a V, Cherkas VP, Stepanyuk a R, Fitzgerald DJ, Haynes LP, Tepikin a V, Burgoyne RD, Belan P V (2010) Decoding glutamate receptor activation by the Ca2+ sensor protein hippocalcin in rat hippocampal neurons. [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3069492&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract Eur J Neurosci 32:347–358] [Accessed March 26, 2014].
* Duzhyy DE, Viatchenko-Karpinski VY, Khomula E V, Voitenko N V, Belan P V (2015) Upregulation of T-type Ca2+ channels in long-term diabetes determines increased excitability of a specific type of capsaicin-insensitive DRG neurons. [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4490764&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract Mol Pain 11:29] [Accessed August 11, 2015].
* Khomula E V, Borisyuk AL, Viatchenko-Karpinski VY, Briede A, Belan P V, Voitenko N V (2014) Nociceptive neurons differentially express fast and slow T-type ca(2+) currents in different types of diabetic neuropathy. [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3945737&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract Neural Plast 2014:938235] [Accessed May 7, 2014].
* Khomula E V, Viatchenko-Karpinski VY, Borisyuk AL, Duzhyy DE, Belan P V, Voitenko N V (2013) Specific functioning of Cav3.2 T-type calcium and TRPV1 channels under different types of STZ-diabetic neuropathy. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23376589 Biochim Biophys Acta 1832:636–649] [Accessed March 26, 2014].
* Kopach O, Krotov V, Belan P, Voitenko N (2015) Inflammatory-induced changes in synaptic drive and postsynaptic AMPARs in lamina II dorsal horn neurons are cell-type specific. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25599231 Pain 156:428–438] [Accessed February 22, 2015].
* Kopach O, Voitenko N (2013) Extrasynaptic AMPA receptors in the dorsal horn: evidence and functional significance. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23194665 Brain Res Bull 93:47–56] [Accessed October 27, 2015].
* Stepanyuk A, Borisyuk A, Belan P (2014a) Maximum likelihood estimation of biophysical parameters of synaptic receptors from macroscopic currents. [http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fncel.2014.00303/abstract Front Cell Neurosci 8:303] [Accessed October 6, 2014].
* Stepanyuk AR, Borisyuk AL, Belan P V (2011) Efficient maximum likelihood estimation of kinetic rate constants from macroscopic currents. Degtyar VE, ed. [http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029731 PLoS One 6:e29731] [Accessed May 8, 2014].
* Stepanyuk AR, Borisyuk AL, Tsugorka TM, Belan P V (2014b) Different pools of postsynaptic GABAA receptors mediate inhibition evoked by low- and high-frequency presynaptic stimulation at hippocampal synapses. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24677449 Synapse 68:344–354] [Accessed August 22, 2014].

=='''Members'''==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!width=25|
!width=250|Name
!width=250|e-mail
!width=250|Work number
|-style="background:#ccffcc;"
|style="text-align:left;"|1.
|Belan P.V.
|pasha@biph.kiev.ua
|380442562053
|-style="background:#ccffcc;"
|style="text-align:left;"|2.
|Kononenko M.I.
|ni.kononenko@biph.kiev.ua
|380442562428
|-style="background:#ccffcc;"
|style="text-align:left;"|3.
|Gryshchenko O.V.
|alesha@biph.kiev.ua
|380442562555
|-style="background:#ccffcc;"
|style="text-align:left;"|4.
|Saftenku О.Е.
|esaft@biph.kiev.ua
|380442562085
|-style="background:#ccffcc;"
|style="text-align:left;"|5.
|Stepanyuk A.R.
|standrey@biph.kiev.ua
|380442562499
|-style="background:#ccffcc;"
|style="text-align:left;"|6.
|Cherkas V.P.
|cherkas@biph.kiev.ua
|380442562518
|-style="background:#ccffcc;"
|style="text-align:left;"|7.
|Dovgan O.V.
|rasboinik@mail.ru 
|380442562428
|-style="background:#ccffcc;"
|style="text-align:left;"|8.
|Borisyuk A.L.
|borisyuk@biph.kiev.ua
|380442562518
|-style="background:#ccffcc;"
|style="text-align:left;"|9.
|Krotov V.V.
|vovakrotov@gmail.com
|380442562426
|-style="background:#ccffcc;"
|style="text-align:left;"|10.
|Sheremet E.
|sheremetik@yandex.ru
|380442562518
|-style="background:#ccffcc;"
|style="text-align:left;"|11.
|Dromaretskiy A.V
|avi9526@biph.kiev.ua
|380442562518
|-style="background:#ccffcc;"
|style="text-align:left;"|12.
|Bagatska O.V.
|bagatskaya@biph.kiev.ua
|380442562082
|-style="background:#ccffcc;"
|style="text-align:left;"|13.
|Edutenko M.
|yedutenko@gmail.com
|380442562518
|-style="background:#ccffcc;"
|style="text-align:left;"|14.
|Bozhenko A.
|arsebo@biph.kiev.ua 
|380442562518
|-style="background:#ccffcc;"
|style="text-align:left;"|15.
|Burdakova A.
|nastia.burdakova@gmail.com 
|380442562428
|-style="background:#ccffcc;"
|style="text-align:left;"|16.
|Osipenko D.
|osipenkoden@gmail.com 
|380442562428
|}

=='''Graduate Biophysics and Physiology'''==
We can offer you graduate training in 2 higher degrees:
* 2 year MSc Programme in Biophysics and Physiology
* 3-4 year PhD Programme in Biophysics and Physiology
For general admission information please refer to:
* [https://biph.kiev.ua/en/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0 Graduate School at Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology] 
* [http://www.mfti.in.ua/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12&Itemid=16 Teaching & Scientific Centre in Physics & Technology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine]
Entry Requirements
•	Applicants for MSc Programme will be expected to have obtained or to be about to obtain a Honours BSc degree in biophysics, physics or biomedical science from a Ukrainian university, or an overseas degree at an equivalent level.
•	Applicants for PhD Programme will be expected to have obtained or to be about to obtain a Honours MSc degree in biophysics, physics or biomedical science from a Ukrainian university, or an overseas degree at an equivalent level. Graduates of our MSc Programme are especially welcomed to apply for and are prevailed in our PhD Programme.
Career Opportunities
Our programmes aim to provide students with a detailed understanding of biophysics, physiology and disciplines related to biomedicine and biomedical equipment. Our graduates leave the Programme with the knowledge and tools deemed essential for both academia and pharmaceutical industry. Our PhD programmes assure getting postdoctoral positions in high-ranking universities worldwide.

=='''Facilities'''==
Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics is equipped with three imaging rigs: 
Two high-speed epifluorescence imaging stations mounted on inverted fluorescent microscopes (Olympus IX-70/71, Olympus, Japan) and monochromator Polychrome V (Till Photonics, Germany), CCD camera SVGA (Imago, Till Photonics, Germany), a computer graphic station and imaging software LA and Till vision (Till Photonics, Germany); one of the setup is combined with a DualView system (Optical Insights, USA) necessary to perform fast FRET recordings. The stations are equipped with electrophysiological equipment, including two double patch-clamp amplifiers EPC-10/2 (HEKA Elektronik, Germany), patch-pipette puller P-97 (Sutter, USA), two high-precision micromanipulator MP-285 (Sutter, USA) and two hydraulic micromanipulator (Narishige, Japan) and air tables (TMC and Newport, USA). 
Confocal microscope imaging station Fluoview 1000 (Olympus, Japan) having UV, 405, 488, 515, 543 and 633 nm laser lines and mounted on an upright BX61WI microscope (Olympus) (this is shared equipment). It is mounted on an air table and bundled with patch-clamp amplifier Dagan 3900A (Dagan Corporation, USA), AD/DA board (National Instruments, USA), motorized stage (MMTS, Scientifica, UK) and set of micromanipulators (PatchStar, Scientifica, UK), IsoFlex extracellular stimulator (A.M.P.I., Israel) and temperature-controlled perfusion system (Warrner Instruments, USA).
The Laboratory is also equipped with a fume hood and other laboratory supplies, including a dissection microscope, pH-meter, osmometer, balances, etc. The laboratory has a real-time qPCR machine, DNA Engine thermal cycler and Nanodrop instrument within 200 feet of lab for common use.
Tissue Culture Room has two biosafety hoods in space adjacent to his laboratory, as well as 3 cell culture incubators, refrigerators for culture reagents, inverted microscopes and other standard cell culture equipment. The Laboratory has access to shared liquid nitrogen storage for cell lines.